Turkish Black Tea Industry 

BLACK TEA THE IMPORTANCE OF
TEA WITH RESPECT TO HUMAN HEALTH
 

 Tea is a healthy drink Tea, the second most consumed beverage in the world after

water, is known as a relaxing, pleasing drink. It has also gained importance as a

nutritional substance because it contains flavonoids, caffeine, many elements and major

vitamins. Tea is high in flavonoids. Black tea contains two types of flavonoid called

“theaflavins” and “thearubigens”. These flavonoids appear to be beneficial to health.

Tea has greater antioxidant power than many plants and flavonoids may act as

antioxidants. Scientific studies have shown that tea has many positive effects on the

human body. In these tests, tea preparations have repeatedly been found to reduce

tumor formation for cancers of the skin, lung, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small

intestine, colon, liver, pancreas, and prostate. The antioxidant activity of tea is often

reported as the mechanism behind these results. Consumption of tea is generally

associated with a lower risk of heart disease and may reduce the risk of heart attack

and stroke. It has been speculated that the antioxidant activity of flavonoids may be at

least partly responsible as the mechanism for this protection. Antioxidants may also help

to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis by preventing lipid oxidation in the blood, making

the lipids less likely to stick to artery walls. Tea consumption also appears to improve

the function of the lining of the blood vessels. This means that arteries have a better

capacity for expansion and contraction as needed, and will be less prone to developing

the plaques and lesions associated with heart disease. Tea also has importance with

respect to dental health. Dental cavities are caused by a combination oral bacteria,

sugars, and acids. Tea consumption can help to reduce cavities through several

mechanisms: ƒ The tea plant naturally contains fluoride in its leaves which makes tooth

enamel stronger and more resistant to acids. ƒ Tea helps to prevent bacteria from

sticking to the tooth surface. ƒ Tea helps to decrease the acid production of oral

bacteria. ƒ Tea decreases the activity of the oral enzyme amylase, which is responsible

for breaking down starch into sugar in the mouth. Since it contains major elements and

vitamins, tea is also good for patients suffering from hypertension. It is generally agreed

that, for most people, moderate caffeine consumption is harmless. Many people find that

caffeine boosts mental clarity and alertness in a pleasing way. 
 

People also obtain wonderful results if they add tea to their bath. First of all, the skin

will become nicely tanned. This is then followed by tea’s rejuvenating effects. TURKISH

TEA IS HEALTHIER BECAUSE: There are no agricultural pesticides in Turkish tea As tea

growers do not use pesticides, Turkish tea is natural and healthy There are no additives

or chemicals No additives or chemicals are used in either tea gardens or in the

production process Turkish tea does not contain much caffeine THE PRODUCTION OF TEA

IN TURKEY Tea production in Turkey was initiated in the early years of the Republic and

carried out in a microclimate along the Eastern Coast of the Black Sea Region. After

successful results had been obtained, the region extending from Arakli to the Republic of

Georgia was allocated to tea agriculture. In this region Rize, Ordu, Giresun, Trabzon and

Artvin are the provinces in which tea is produced. Turkey takes its place on the upper

limit of tea ecologies. Tea is one of the most important sources of revenue for the

inhabitants of this region. In Turkey, the possibility of tea cultivation was determined in

1917 around Rize province and cultivation was first started by a law in 1924. In the

same year the Tea Research Institute was established. Afterwards, research studies

began to be conducted and tea cultivation began on a commercial base. In 1947, the

first plant for processing green tea leaves was opened in Rize. In order to supply better

service parallel to growth in this sector, an economic enterprise, ÇAY-KUR (General

Directorate of Tea Enterprises) was established in 1971 and was fully authorized as a

state monopoly in the tea business. In 1984, with the abolishment of the monopoly in

the tea sector, private enterprises were also given the rights ofprocurement, processing and

marketing. Although the tea business in Turkey is a relatively new activity compared with the other

producer countries, tea cultivation and

the industry have shown very important improvement in a short time. While the

production of dried tea was below 25 000 tons in 1950’s, this figure reached significant

quantities in recent years. Today, Turkey holds a significant place among the world’s

largest producer countries with a share of more than 5%. According to the FAO

statistics, Turkey ranks fifth in world production of tea after China, India, Kenya and Sri

Lanka.
 

 The state company Çaykur has a production capacity of 6.600 tone/day. The company

has 47 factories. The rest of the production is conducted by the private sector, which

has about 230 tea processing factories and a production capacity of 8.746 tone/day.

The total production capacity is about 15.506 tone/day. In the production process, the

processing methods of Orthodoks, CTC and Rotervane are used in Turkey. Tea gardens

in Turkey were established from seeds. Cultural precautions such as maintenance,

pruning, fertilization and harvesting are carried out in conformity with scientific

techniques in order to obtain a fresh tea product conforming to the production of top

quality dried tea. Today, tea is one of the national drinks of the Turkish people along

with ayran, sahlep, boza and Turkish coffee. Turkish people drink a great deal of tea all

day long especially at breakfast and in the evening. Turkish people are famous for their

hospitality and it is very common to serve tea to guests in Turkey. More than 200.000

tons of black tea is consumed in Turkey every year. Standardization As a result of

establishing fertile, quality plantations; the application of modern,

appropriate cultivation methods on the plantations by growers and the improvements

achieved in the manufacturing industry, Turkish tea is produced in compliance with

international standards. TS 4600 Turkish Black Tea Standard, which is almost in

conformity with the ISO 3720, is applied in the production and marketing of black tea in

Turkey. For black tea exports, ISO 3720 is applied. EXPORT At the start of tea cultivation

in Turkey, the primary goal was only to meet the domestic demand. However, until 1963

tea production was insufficient and the gap between production and demand was met

by imports. Afterwards, besides meeting domestic demand, tea exports also started. As

a consequence of policies implemented in exports, Turkish tea exports have reached

significant levels in some years. Tea is exported from Turkey both in bulk and in

consumer packages. 25% of total Turkish tea exports were in packaged form and 75%

were in bulk. In Turkey, apart from traditional © Republic of Turkey – Ministry of

Economy, 2012 5 tea, tea bags are also produced, consumed and exported. In recent

years, tea bags have started to be very common. The main destinations of Turkish tea

are the European Union countries, the USA and Northern Cyprus Turkish Republic.

Among the EU countries, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, France and the United

Kingdom are the most important markets. Table 2: Turkish Tea Exports (Quantity, Tons;

Value, 1 000 US $) Source: Turkish Statistical Institute Let’s have a break and drink a

traditional Turkish tea To make Turkish black tea like the Turks you will need two kettles

in different sizes: a big and a small one. The big kettle must be made of metal and the

small one can be made of metal or ceramic. First, fill the big kettle with water and place

it on the stove. Then, put the small kettle on top of the big kettle. Put black tea into the

small kettle (the measure of black tea is a dessert spoon for each person). Light the

stove. While the water is boiling in the big kettle, the second small kettle will also be

warmed. Please notice that the small kettle contains only black tea and it does not

contain water. After the water has boiled, you should put this water in the small kettle

where you have the black tea (The measure of the water depends on the number of

persons who will drink the tea). Now you must wait 15 minutes more or less; this is

necessary so that the tea can steep. You will see that after 15 minutes the tea stays in

the bottom of the kettle; this means the tea can be served. In Turkey black tea is not

generally served in mugs but in special glass cups as a Turkish tradition. There are two

types of tea to be served: the strong tea "Koyu çay” and the light tea "açık çay". When

serving the strong black tea you must fill two thirds of the glass with tea from the

second kettle and add boiling water to fill the rest of the glass. As the tea is strong

the colour of this tea is dark brown. When serving the light black tea you must fill one

third of the glass with tea from the second kettle and add boiling water to fill the rest of

the glass. As the tea is light, the colour is light brown. Add sugar, as you like. In Turkey

when drinking tea we say: "Afiyet Olsun" that means "Good Appetite" or "Enjoy"

 USEFUL LINKS ƒ

Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Husbandary www.tarim.gov.tr ƒ Eastern Black Sea Exporters’

Association www.dkib.org.tr ƒ General Directorate Of Tea Enterprises www.caykur.com.tr ƒ

Rize Commodity Exchange www.rtb.org.tr ƒ Rize Chamber of Commerce and

Industry www.rizetso.org 

Tags: Turkish black tea, Turkish black tea market